What is Mahogany?

Gaskell Guitars Australia
Aug 17, 2020
17 min read

Updated: May 28

Even today a lot of people still do not know what mahogany wood is. It's a popular tone wood used for the manufacturing of electric guitars, so it is important to know about it if you are in the market for a guitar. Apart from being wood, what is mahogany and why should you be interested? You may be surprised. The modern use of the word "mahogany" may surprise you.

In the manufacturing of wood products (of any kind), what we regard traditionally as “mahogany” wood is the timber of only one of 49 genera that belong to the botanical family Meleaceae (Mahogany family.) This genus is called Swietenia, native to Central and South America and the Caribbean. It has three species:

1. Swietenia mahagoni, traded as Caribbean Mahogany, Cuban Mahogany, or West Indian Mahogany. It is the premier species. It is native to southern Florida in the United States and the West Indies, specifically: Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, and Saint Barthélemy. It has been introduced to all islands of the Caribbean.

Timber from this species was internationally traded (and exploited) for over 400 years and was the first species of mahogany used in the manufacturing of guitars until the 1950’s. It has been commercially extinct since 1947. Exploitation has resulted in the genetic decline of the species, as the largest trees were cut down, leaving behind mostly smaller, shrubbier individuals. There are no more large trees left, but in its smaller form the species can be abundant. It was last assessed in 2018 and listed as "Near Threatened" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

2. Swietenia macrophylla, traded as Big Leaf Mahogany and as ...Mahogany with country of origin as prefix. It is native to the Atlantic side of Central America as well as much of South America, namely Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. This species replaced Swietenia mahagoni as the main timber species and is renowned as a tone wood. Since 2003 world trade in natively sourced S. macrophylla has become heavily restricted leading to only very limited supplies from Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, and Guatemala; under globally enforceable special export conditions. It was last assessed in 2023 and was listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

In the period 2002-2011 Peru was the main exporter of Swietenia macrophylla mahogany accounting for 38–44% of total direct trade reported by exporters and importers. During the same period the United States was the main importer, accounting for 75–77% of total direct imports. Dominican Republic was also a major importer during the same period. Bolivia and Guatemala have become significant exporters since the mid 2000s. The mid 2020s have seen Panama enter the world market as an exporter of mahogany. Plantations exist in Asia and the Pacific and since the 2010s Fiji and Philippines have become the largest exporters of plantation-grown American mahogany. [See following.]

3. Swietenia humilis, traded as Pacific Coast Mahogany or Mexican Mahogany. It is native to dry deciduous forests and savannas of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. This species is much smaller than the other two species. There are very few populations left, and it is used mainly in local carpentry. There is no official international trade in this wood. It was last assessed in 2018 and listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Note. All three species are considered “Genuine mahogany” with Swietenia mahagoni originally taking precedence in the classification. The generic term for all species is American Mahogany.

Sadly, overlogging and illegal trade over about 85 years has brought all species of Swietenia mahogany to near extinction. Since 1950 Central American populations have suffered a 70-90% decline.

Unfortunately, it wasn’t until the 1990’s that the inevitable fate of native Swietenia was fully recognized and specific measures were taken internationally to try and save the resource from future extinction.

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement between nations to uniformly police threats to the survival of plants and wildlife due to human abuse. Formed in 1973 and passed in 1975 there are currently 180 “contracting parties” (nations) on the list today. Each party has their own national legislation which aligns with the agreement. An example is the Lacey Act of the United States which exists to police and control illegal import and export of banned or restricted plants and substances and wild life, effective from 2008.

CITES has three different levels of protection for species, known as Appendices:

Appendix I – This appendix represents species that are in the most danger and are considered to be threatened with extinction and are consequently the most restricted in international trade. CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial such as for scientific research. In these very exceptional situations both export and import permits are required.

Appendix II – This appendix contains species that are at risk in the wild but not necessarily threatened with extinction. Species in this appendix are closely regulated but are typically not as restricted as Appendix I. International trade in specimens of Appendix-II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES although some countries have gone beyond the CITES requirements and do require additional permits.

Appendix III – This appendix contains species that a certain country (contracting party) has voluntarily requested to be regulated in order to help preserve the species in question. Appendix III species regulation is only applicable for the specific party that has requested its inclusion and is therefore much less restrictive than Appendix I or II. International trade in specimens of species listed in Appendix III is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates.

All three species of Swietenia are listed on CITES Appendix II: S. humilis in January 1975, S. mahagoni in November 1992 and S. macrophylla in November 1995.

This guide, introduced in 2003, exemplifies how the UK government implements CITES restrictions and protocols regarding imports of Swietenia macrophyllla from the Caribbean and Central America into the UK: Implementation Guidelines for timber species listed under the EU Regulations: Ramin (Gonystylus spp). Madeleine Groves (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) Guy Clarke (HM Customs & Excise, Heathrow CITES Team) First Edition

Mahogany Restrictions

Since the 2000’s there has been much work done internationally to forward actions to conserve the resource and to explore alternatives for reforestation and sustainability on a worldwide scale.

Unfortunately, attempts to repopulate mahogany in its native locations have turned out to be largely unsuccessful. There are four major reasons why Swietenia can no longer be re-grown natively:

The soil is now depleted and barren.
The aggressive mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella kills the new trees. Modern Science has not managed to overcome this.
Genetic loss means that the current generations of seeds for planting are inferior and/or mutated.
Erosion has taken place where large forests have been cleared leaving those areas now uninhabitable.

In order to save Swietenia from impending extinction global Authorities were forced to look beyond its native locations to find solutions to the problem.

Attempts in the past to grow Swietenia in Africa resulted in uniform failure and abandonment due to attacks by Hypsipyla robusta, the African (and Asian) equivalent of Hypsipyla grandella.

Europe was not considered as it does not have the right climate to grow it.

Asia to the rescue

It turns out that Asia and the South Pacific are the most successful areas where Swietenia can be grown outside of its native locations.

In actual fact, some Asia-Pacific countries had already been growing Swietenia for a very long time, but not necessarily for timber purposes! During the Colonial era of the 1800s much of Asia was under British, Dutch or Spanish control. In countries such as Indonesia, India and Sri Lanka, mahogany trees were planted as ornamentals along avenues. In Indonesia and the Philippines, mahogany trees were planted mainly for protection of slopes and water catchments. In the 20th Century mahogany trees started to be used in agroforestry systems, for example with corn, rice, cassava, peanuts, and pumpkin.

Following initial trials, a number of Asian countries were consulted with and invested in to develop controlled, sustainable and renewable Swietenia mahogany plantations. This started mostly in the 1990’s and was helped along by the 1993 World Bank report entitled “Tropical Hardwood Marketing Strategies for Southeast Asia." Under nursery conditions attack by the Hypsipyla moth can be successfully controlled with insecticides.

As mahogany has a 35-40 year rotation, quality harvesting from some of these countries is still years away.

CITES restrictions do not apply to Asian and South Pacific grown Swietenia as their plantations are consciously sustainably managed and controlled.

Plantation mahogany producers

Fiji

From 1874 until 1970 Fiji was a British colony. Swietenia macrophylla was introduced originally in 1911 as an ornamental species using seeds from Honduras and Belize.

The first mahogany plantations in Fiji were established by the government in 1935 and then expanded throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Mahogany continued to be planted throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. By 1995, planted S. macrophylla had reached 37,316 hectares. Production was corporatized in 1998. Today, communal groups own 89% of the unexploited forests and 84% of all Fijian forests, including planted forests; the remaining 16% of forests are privately or state-owned. Unlike the rest of the world, Hypsipyla does not exist in Fiji. There are now over 100,000 hectares of mahogany plantations, many over 40 years old and are naturally regenerating. Harvesting began in 2003. Extraction is controlled by the Fiji Department of Forestry, who have a National Code of Logging Practice which was developed with oversight and assistance from the New Zealand Department of Forests. By 2005, production was over 60,000 cubic meters of logs per year.

In 2010 the total volume of mahogany harvested in Fiji surpassed the volume harvested from natural forests. In 2020 almost 100% of mahogany exports from Fiji went to the United States.

At the end of 2024, the Ministry of Forestry hosted the first-ever Mahogany Exporters Forum, engaging 16 local exporters to collaborate on the industry and discuss and share best practices. The forum included discussion of the formation of a National Mahogany Export Association.

As of 2025, the average price for Swietenia mahogany logs from Fijian plantations is currently around $298 per cubic meter.

Philippines

Philippines has approximately 7 million hectares of forest area. 82% is naturally regenerated forest, and 12% is primary forest. 0.3 million hectares is planted forest of which Swietenia macrophylla accounts for approximately 50,000 hectares. 1.9 million hectares is designated for production. 63% of forest ownership is publicly owned and 37% is privately owned. Since 2000 forestry programs and natural regeneration have seen forest areas increase by 0.5% per annum.

Following the end of the Philippine-American War in 1902, control of the Philippines was carefully transitioned from the United States to a newly established local government, however American sovereignty did not end until 1946. During this time, Swietenia macrophylla was introduced in 1907 and in 1913. Swietenia mahagoni was introduced in 1911, 1913, 1914, 1920 and 1922. It was planted with many other exotic tree species for the purpose of reforestation.

Considerable planting of Swietenia macrophylla along with other exotic timber species occurred in the late 1980’s as part of a major afforestation and reforestation project by the Philippines government at that time. By 1993 there were 13,000 hectares of planted Swietenia macrophylla and it would go on to become the third most planted hardwood species and is currently the third most important timber species harvested with 76,000 cubic meters of logs harvested per annum. Timber is the country’s third most valuable commodity. In 2022 Philippines largest timber export markets were Japan, China, United States, Netherlands and Korea.

Solomon Islands

89.9% of the Soloman Islands is forest, 99% of which is natural forest. Small areas of commercial plantations amount to 0.95%. 87% of forest land is owned by indigenous communities and 13% is under corporate or private ownership.

Between 1897 and 1978 Soloman Islands was a British protectorate. The British administration initiated an experimental hardwood plantation program in 1967. Swietenia macrophylla was introduced in 1978, in the same year the country became independent from Britain. Planting continued until 1995 when the government privatized the program. By 1995 over 3,500 hectares of S. macrophylla plantations had been established.

In the 2000s, plantation development was carried out between the Solomon Islands Forestry Division and New Zealander foresters through the New Zealand Official Development Assistance program with funding assistance from the New Zealand Government.

Large scale forestry planting is now done by private companies only and has unfortunately led to continued exploitation and illegal logging. China accounts for almost 90% of timber exports, followed by much smaller exports to India Vietnam, Taiwan and Korea.

In 2014 Solomon Islands was still the fourth largest exporter of tropical logs in the world. Timber exports account for 60-70% of the total export revenue of the national economy. In 2016 and 2017, around 65% of the country’s export earnings came from forestry, mainly through sale of round logs, sawn timber and veneer. Solomon Island's major markets for sawn timber are New Zealand and Australia. Taiwan and South Korea are major markets for veneer.

India

India has about 70.7 million hectares of primary or other naturally regenerated forest. Another 12 million hectares is planted forest. 18.5 million hectares of these forests are designated as production forests. Approximately 86% are publicly owned and 14% are privately owned. Regeneration and afforestation projects have seen positive expansion of forest area in India grow between 0.4 and 1.0 % per year since 1990. Teak is the main timber produced. Most of India's timber production is for domestic consumption, supplemented by large imports. The United States, China, and Nepal are India's largest export markets.

India had both Swietenia macrophylla and Swietenia mahagoni introduced in 1865 when it was a British colony, using seeds from West Indies. They were never managed and thereafter became naturalized forests. Some experimental mahogany plantations were planted in 1994 but were unsuccessful due to attacks by the Hypsipyla robusta moth.

There is no significant commercial trade and export of mahogany from India, however India is the largest exporter of Indian rosewood globally, its largest markets for rosewood being United States, China, and Japan.

Bangladesh

While under British rule, Bangladesh had Honduran Swietenia macrophylla introduced in 1872 and as with India it became naturalized in some places. Since 1993 and especially in the early 2000s the country has become involved in establishing managed plantations of many timber species, including Swietenia macrophylla, however the country endures regular and devastating floods which constantly cause serious damage to the plantations. Timber export is not a major market for Bangladesh but some timber products are exported to Russia, Kazakhstan, and Vietnam.

Indonesia

Indonesia currently has around 87.6 million hectares of primary or otherwise naturally regenerated forests and around 4.5 million hectares of planted forests. 86% of it is state-owned. Almost the entirety of Indonesia's timber production goes to domestic consumption.

In 2015 the Indonesian government banned exports of roundwood and rough sawn timber for all timber species to protect domestic wood processing industries. The ban was upheld again in 2017. Indonesia exports mainly plywood and pulp and paper. Asia is its largest market with Japan, China and Korea being its main export markets. Its largest markets outside of Asia are the United States and Australia.

During the Colonial era when Indonesia was part of the Dutch East Indies, Swietenia mahagoni and Swietenia macrophylla were both introduced in 1870, using seeds from India. Plantation forests including Swietenia macrophylla were planted from the 1920’s to the 1940’s but it wasn’t until about 1990 that serious plantation development and management began. There are approximately 55,000 hectares of mahogany plantations in Indonesia, including plantations independently developed by smallholders. During the 2000’s American mahogany was exported from Indonesia however at that time an estimated 80% of the trade was from illegal logging. In 2022 Indonesia's largest timber export markets were China, Japan, United States, Korea, and India.

Malaysia

During the 19th Century the Dutch and British were significantly invested in the Malayan peninsular. Following a treaty between the two nations in 1824, claims by both parties to areas of the peninsular were renegotiated with the British retaining Singapore and gaining most of what would eventually become present-day Malaysia. British Malaya, as it became, had Swietenia mahagoni introduced in 1876 followed by Swietenia macrophylla in 1886 and 1892. At that time the Both species were attacked by Hypsipyla robusta and further planting was abandoned. Small experimental plantations of S. macrophylla were included in the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) grounds in 1928 and 1931-1933 using seeds from trees that survived the original plantings. Planting continued in the 1950’s and 1960’s but continued to be unsuccessful due to Hypsipyla attack. Between 1992 and 1993 a further 1,000 hectares of Swietenia macrophylla were planted. Since sustainability reforms in 1999, the Malaysian government has implemented a large overarching forest plantation program targeted to develop 375,000 hectares of selected timber plantation species within state land forests by 2020, however Swietenia was not one of the key species. These plantations are managed by private concessions. Peninsular Malaysia is reported to have 120,000 ha of timber plantations, Sabah approximately 158,000 ha, while Sarawak has so far planted 446,000 ha of various species for timber production. Timber plantations have not been successfully established on private land because locals believe it is more profitable to cultivate oil palm or rubber trees instead.

In 2014 Malaysia ranked #1 in the world for the highest volume of exported tropical logs and #11 for highest dollar value of sawn wood exports. Malaysia's largest timber export markets for 2022 were China, Japan, Singapore, United States, and Australia.

Sri Lanka

During the Colonial era of the 1800s, Sri Lanka was a British colony and known as British Ceylon. Forest plantation establishment commenced in Sri Lanka in the 1870s. Swietenia macrophylla was planted in 1897 but it wasn’t until the 1950’s that plantations were consciously established, as efforts until then were focused on replacing the natural forest areas that had been lost owing to shifting cultivation. In 1953 the Sri Lankan government implemented new policy for the plantations, this time emphasizing the production of fuel wood and timber as the main role of forest plantations to alleviate the pressure on natural forests. Large-scale plantations of teak, eucalyptus, and pine were established until the 1980s. From 1982 the Asian Development Bank (ADB) funded community-managed plantations in five districts which continued until 1999. Mahogany has been one of five major exotics grown in Sri Lanka, including in home gardens, which is a major source of timber production in the country. Of the 131 309 hectares of plantation forest in Sri Lanka today, approximately 7,300 hectares are government-managed and private-sector Swietenia plantations.

Sri Lanka has a very small timber export market which in 2022 was less than US$200,000.00 for that year. Export markets included India, Bangladesh, Kenya, Sierra Leone and United Kingdom.

Communist China

China introduced Swietenia mahagoni in the late 1800’s specifically in the regions of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan. It is cultivated successfully in those regions today. Overall, China has 6.5 million hectares of varied hardwood plantations comprising 43% of total timber plantations in the world.

In 1998 the Communist regime banned the logging of mature trees throughout the country. Today, logging activities remain limited and instead China relies almost entirely on imports of timber and timber products from abroad, particularly Myanmar, Russia and Papua New Guinea. Communist China has become the largest importer of hardwood logs and sawn timber in the world, with volume of imports increasing by 400% since 1995. The attitude of the Communist regime and their adherents is that they would rather use everybody else's resources than their own, and they have no shame nor respect for the countries they exploit. Make no mistake, it's not just "the government" that holds this toxic view. It is the people too. It's cultural. China is probably the largest importer of illegal timber products in the world. They encourage African countries, knowing their governments are corrupt, to do business with them by luring them with zero percent tariffs. Communists don't care who they exploit.

Republic of China

Taiwan (Republic Of China) began planting Swietenia macrophylla in the early 1990s at the Hsin-Hua Experiment Forest Station in Tainan and now has a total of 3,000 hectares of mahogany plantations in the region which are sustainably managed by the ROC government. It was planted primarily for reforestation purposes. They are still many years away from harvesting. There are no mahogany exports from Taiwan at this time.

Hawaii

Swietenia mahagoni was planted on the islands of O’ahu and Maui in Hawaii in the early 1900’s both publicly and privately. Much of it became naturalized forests. Swietenia macrophylla was planted in 1922 on O’ahu and is now naturalized. With the demise of Hawaii’s sugar industry in the 1990’s the former sugar plantations on the island of Kauai were converted for tree farming and a number of hardwood species were planted (including mahogany) beginning in 1996. Plantations of Swietenia macrophylla can also be found on Maui. Although there is no export market of Hawaiian mahogany, there is a small domestic market albeit at very high prices.

"Old Growth mahogany"

In 1997 a study was submitted to the US Forestry Service by Peter L. Weaver and Oswaldo A. Sabido outlining an extensive history of the harvesting and status of Mahogany in Belize. In this study, “Mahogany in Belize: A Historical Perspective”, it is stated, “Experienced loggers estimated that only one-half of harvested mahogany logs were loaded on ships.” Based on this report, in 2007 a group of Americans formed a company in Belize called Greener Logs Ltd to investigate and salvage exotic tropical logs from the country’s waterways. Their team of scuba divers discovered a huge quantity of felled Swietenia macrophylla logs that had been laying at the bottom of the waterways for 100-200 years. These trees were logged in the 1800s and had been lost on their journeys down the river to the awaiting ships that were to take them to Europe. Despite the high losses, neither the technology nor the inclination existed in the 1800s to salvage the sunken logs, so they remained there, forgotten for over a century. The first shipment of recovered logs arrived in the United States in 2009. Inspection of the logs revealed that many of the original trees were 40-60 years old, some even up to 100 years old. Greener Lumber, LLC in Missouri, USA was established as the receiver and distributor, and in the ensuing years has continued salvage operations in Belize and now sells the reclaimed mahogany all around the world. People in the trade refer to this mahogany as "sinker mahogany." It has become quite famous.

Additionally, a large seizure of illegally logged mahogany from Brazil seized in 2003 had been sitting with the U.S government in a yard for 15 years. In 2015 an ambitious timber company in the United States approached the government to offer to save the logs from being destroyed as was one of the options the government was considering. This wood was released to the timber company, and they have been selling it to the American public since 2019. Having been naturally air dried for 16 years and being very old trees, this is highest quality genuine mahogany and the last of its kind. The company is called Mahogany Kings and is located in Andrews, Texas. I have been in touch with them in 2025 and unfortunately, they do not have a CITES permit to be able to sell outside of the United States.

Mahogany in the world market

The United States has always been the largest importer and consumer of American mahogany accounting for around 77% of the world market. Dominican Republic and Canada are also significant importers. Germany, Spain and Denmark have been the largest European importers, although total European imports pale in comparison to those of the United States at only 3% of the world market.

Despite international efforts, illegal logging is still taking place in some parts of South America today with 80% of this illegal timber being supplied to the USA by criminal operations. Since January 2019, Interpol has categorized illegal logging as organized crime.

For example, in Mexico illegal logging has become an important source of revenue for drug trafficking organizations looking to expand their criminal portfolios. Criminal cartels have even hijacked or set up clandestine sawmills in key timber processing areas, such as Chihuahua and Chiapas, to process illegally harvested wood from the surrounding forests and send it to the United States. Criminal organizations also run a large market into China of illegally harvested CITES-restricted species from Mexico.

Since the 21st Century most intercepted illegal American mahogany has originated from Brazil, Peru or Belize. Significant seizures have occurred in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, Poland, and Spain. And then of course there is the suppressive, racist, and totalitarian regime of Communist China... no one knows for sure as they are purposefully secretive and do not engage with the rest of the world (unless it suits their agenda), but we could surmise that they may be one of the worst, if not the worst violators of CITES restrictions and the largest importer by far of knowingly illegal timber exports.

Summary

Genuine mahogany consists of only 3 species.
Two of the three species are and have been of commercial interest in the timber trade.
All species of mahogany are restricted in their native locations.
Native mahogany is all but gone.
There is almost zero trade in natively-sourced Swietenia, since 2003.
Asia and the South Pacific is where most new mahogany comes from today.
Asian and South Pacific mahogany for export is grown in controlled plantations.
There are no restrictions on plantation-grown mahogany.
The only difference between Asian/South Pacific mahogany and American mahogany is where it is grown. They are the same species.
Fiji is the most successful harvester and exporter of mahogany in the 21st Century.
Illegal logging is still a problem in South America.
Mass-produced musical instruments said to be made of or with "mahogany" are never made with American mahogany of the Swietenia genus.
"Sinker mahogany" is 100+ year old logged mahogany that has been salvaged from the rivers of Belize since the late 2000s. It is available to buy without restrictions.